What is the primary indication of the medication atipamezole?
Correct Answer: B
Atipamezole is an adrenergic receptor antagonist used to reverse the effects of the alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine. Apomorphine is an emetic. Ipratropium is a bronchodilator. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic. Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 1015. Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 466.
Question 77
You have both sheep and goats hospitalized and are establishing protocols for options for feed. You are trying to determine the best options for each species. All of the following are preferred grazing options for goats except:
Correct Answer: A
Goats and sheep differ based on their oral cavity anatomy. Both species have very active mobility of the tongue and lips, allowing various foods to function in their diet. Goats thrive when grazing on areas with browse or many plant species. Goats are active foragers who eat highly digestible grass parts. Additionally, they will consume various fruits, leaves, and flowers. Sheep are roughage grazers who will eat grass and high-quality plant parts. Always ensure, regardless of what you provide for these species, that they have sufficient fiber to ensure normal rumination. To promote rumen health, fiber should equate to more than 50% of the dietary intake. Ensure that a minimum particle size of 1-2.5 cm is provided to stimulate normal eructation. If you must use a pelleted feed, ensure you provide free access to hay to ensure that sheep and goats obtain sufficient fiber intake while hospitalized.
Question 78
What is the term used to describe any disorder that disrupts an animal's ability to form blood clots, potentially resulting in excessive bleeding and bruising?
Correct Answer: D
Coagulopathy is the term used to describe any disorder that disrupts an animal's ability to form blood clots, potentially resulting in excessive bleeding and bruising. Coagulopathy may be due to underlying illness, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, genetic predisposition, or toxic exposure. Problems may involve the blood vessel lining (vascular endothelium), platelets, coagulation proteins, or the body's normal clot breakdown process. Coaptation is the term used to refer to the joining together of a wound or fracture. Proprioception is the term that refers to an individual's ability to sense their own body relative to the space around them. Paraphimosis occurs when the penis is trapped outside the foreskin and cannot retract.
Question 79
All of the following questions should be asked when triaging a canine patient presenting with an acute abdomen except?
Correct Answer: C
Specifically for an acute abdomen, we want to know if the patient is vomiting or regurgitating. Often, this requires further inquiry of the owner because they usually don't know. They either didn't witness the event but said they were vomiting because they found the vomitus or didn't understand the difference. Vomiting is an active process where abdominal action/pumping is often seen, whereas regurgitation passively occurs. Dogs who regurge often simply open their mouths, and fluid, food, or material comes out. It is important to know if the patient has diarrhea as well. Many dogs with acute foreign bodies have not yet developed diarrhea because the GI tract has slowed down or the stool has yet to be evacuated. Others may have infectious causes for the disease and thus, may start with diarrhea and progress to vomiting. Therefore, timing is relevant. It is also important to know if the dog is spayed or neutered because, in intact females, the number one differential for a dog who is vomiting and/or has diarrhea has to be a pyometra (deadly uterine infection). If they are not spayed, ask follow-up questions such as: When was the last heat? Have they seen any vaginal discharge? Make sure to then ask if they are drinking excessively. In unneutered males or males presumed neutered but neutered at a shelter, retained testicles causing illness could be possible. Thus, because history is also a necessary component, asking about when the dog's vaccines were administered is the least important question. This becomes an issue if parvovirus or distemper may be suspected. If vaccines are up to date in an adult dog, these are highly unlikely. But if the dog was recently adopted, even if over 1 year of age, but never got vaccines, infectious diseases have to be included on the differential lists. However, relative to the other three options, asking this question is the least important.
Question 80
What is the term used to describe incidental laboratory findings that are often a result of the laboratory technique itself?
Correct Answer: A
The term used to describe incidental and irrelevant clinical laboratory findings is an artifact. These may be due to technical error, but can also be due to limitations of the procedures. Artifacts are commonly found in diagnostic imaging techniques, such as radiography and ultrasonography, and can sometimes be used to better understand parts of the image. A by-product is a term used to refer to a secondary or incidental product. Contamination is a term used to refer to an impurity or an unwanted constituent. Detritus is a term used to refer to refuse or debris.
