What is the term used to describe a scraping technique?
Correct Answer: D
Question 297
Strangles is a highly contagious respiratory disease that affects horses. Strangles causes fever, lack of appetite, and painful swelling underneath the horse's mandible. Once a horse has recovered from strangles, how long does it remain contagious?
Correct Answer: B
Once a horse has recovered from strangles, it remains contagious for approximately six weeks. Horses can be immunized against the bacterial pathogen that causes strangles, Streptococcus equi, but it is not fully protective.
Question 298
Your veterinarian is removing a foreign body from a naughty 4-month-old MN lop rabbit. Which of the following tools is most ideal for a surgeon to use when performing an exploratory laparotomy (enterotomy +/- gastrotomy) in this species?
Correct Answer: C
Due to a rabbit's overall small size, delicate and thin skin, fragile ingesta, and high propensity to develop adhesions (like humans), even using atraumatic forceps, such as the Doyen forceps, to push back the ingesta can be too much for the rabbit. Thus, a sterile surgical technician's hands are the safest tool inside a rabbit's abdomen. An Army-Navy retractor is a handheld retractor with blades of different lengths on either side. Despite not having teeth, it is still likely too traumatic for the skin/musculature of a rabbit. A Senn retractor is similar to the Army-Navy in that it, too, is double-sided and handheld. One end is toothed and traumatic, while the other is narrow and blunt. Doyen intestinal forceps are atraumatic and used in small animal surgery to handle the ingesta. Still, they are not recommended in rabbits because of the high risk of adhesion formation.
Question 299
You are asked to place an arterial line in a hit-by-car patient with pulmonary contusions, multiple abrasions, and presumptive blood loss anemi a. All of the following are true about arterial catheterization, except:
Correct Answer: B
Arterial catheterization is considered the gold standard of blood pressure monitoring. It provides a continuous means of monitoring blood pressure. It is a direct form of monitoring vs. the indirect methods of Doppler or the various machines that monitor BP, HR, RR, and SPO2 +/- other parameters. Arterial catheterization provides access for regular sampling (without having to do an arterial stick each time a sample is needed) to monitor acid-base balance and, in patients with respiratory compromise/disease, a means to accurately monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide parameters and blood pH. Because we can evaluate a blood gas through an arterial catheter sample, arterial blood sampling provides the best means to assess pulmonary function. We usually use the dorsal metatarsal artery to place an arterial catheter in a small animal. Placing the patient in lateral recumbency, we use arterial catheters (20- or 22-g most commonly). 1. Extend the patient's hock. 2. Sometimes, taping or sandbagging the leg helps to keep it in place. 3. Clip and aseptically prep the insertion site. 4. Using one or two fingers (not your thumb, which has a pulse), palpate the artery. 5. Make an initial relief hole using the needle's beveled edge through the dermis, but do not yet enter the artery. 6. Place the catheter subcutaneously atop the artery bevel up. 7. Now, palpate both the tip of the needle and the artery together with the opposite hand. 8. Steeply insert the catheter first to penetrate the artery's upper wall. 9. Next, flatten out the catheter parallel to the artery's longitudinal axis. This puts the needle's bevel and the catheter's end within the lumen. 10. Once the blood flashes into the hub, advance the catheter. 11. Replace the needle with an appropriate connector and stopcock. 12. The catheter should be heparinized (ideally before placement) or before taping it in place. 13. Catheter care is performed every 48 hours. 14. Check toes for warmth every two to four hours, and if cool, remove/replace the catheter.
Question 300
Veterinarians should avoid giving which of the following anesthetics to patients with hypovolemia?
Correct Answer: C
Acepromazine is a phenothiazine tranquilizer used to sedate patients before administration of general anesthesia. Acepromazine can cause peripheral vasodilatation, which can lead to hypotension and hypothermia, both of which are further compounded with hypovolemia. Opioids, propofol, and isoflurane are considered to be relatively safe drugs for animals with hypovolemia when given for sedation.
