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EC-COUNCIL Certification
212-81 Exam
EC-COUNCIL.212-81.v2023-03-17.q67 Dumps

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Question 51

A non-secret binary vector used as the initializing input algorithm for encryption of a plaintext block sequence to increase security by introducing additional cryptographic variance.

A.IV
B.Salt
C.L2TP
D.Nonce

Correct Answer: A

IV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector
In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable (SV) is a fixed-size input to a cryptographic primitive that is typically required to be random or pseudorandom. Randomization is crucial for encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the modes of operation. Randomization is also required for other primitives, such as universal hash functions and message authentication codes based thereon.
Incorrect answers:
L2TP - PPTP combined with L2F (Layer 2 Forwarding) (Cisco proprietary protocol) - Uses EAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP, PAP, or S-PAP for authentication. IPSec is used to provide encryption.
Salt - random bits of data intermixed with the message that is to be hashed.
Nonce - an arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication. It is similar in spirit to a nonce word, hence the name. It is often a random or pseudo-random number issued in an authentication protocol to ensure that old communications cannot be reused in replay attacks. They can also be useful as initialization vectors and in cryptographic hash functions.

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Question 52

A measure of the uncertainty associated with a random variable.

A.Collision
B.Whitening
C.Diffusion
D.Entropy

Correct Answer: D

Entropy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)
In information theory, the entropy of a random variable is the average level of "information", "surprise", or "uncertainty" inherent in the variable's possible outcomes. The concept of information entropy was introduced by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication".
Incorrect answers:
Diffusion - transposition processes used in encryption functions to increase randomness.
Whitening - technique intended to increase the security of an iterated block cipher. It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key.
Collision - situation where two different inputs yield the same output.

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Question 53

Which of the following Secure Hashing Algorithm (SHA) produces a 160-bit digest from a message with a maximum length of (264-1) bits and resembles the MD5 algorithm?

A.SHA-0
B.SHA-2
C.SHA-1
D.SHA-3

Correct Answer: C

SHA-1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1
SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a cryptographic hash function which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message digest - typically rendered as a hexadecimal number, 40 digits long. It was designed by the United States National Security Agency, and is a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard.
SHA-1 produces a message digest based on principles similar to those used by Ronald
L. Rivest of MIT in the design of the MD2, MD4 and MD5 message digest algorithms, but generates a larger hash value (160 bits vs. 128 bits).

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Question 54

Which of the following is assured by the use of a hash?

A.Confidentiality
B.Availability
C.Authentication
D.Integrity

Correct Answer: D

Integrity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#Verifying_the_integrity_of_messages_and_files An important application of secure hashes is verification of message integrity. Comparing message digests (hash digests over the message) calculated before, and after, transmission can determine whether any changes have been made to the message or file.

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Question 55

Which of the following is used to encrypt email and create digital signatures?

A.DES
B.SHA1
C.AES
D.RSA

Correct Answer: D

RSA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)
RSA use for encryption email and create digital signatures

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