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Question 166

You work at a subscription-based company. You have trained an ensemble of trees and neural networks to predict customer churn, which is the likelihood that customers will not renew their yearly subscription. The average prediction is a 15% churn rate, but for a particular customer the model predicts that they are 70% likely to churn. The customer has a product usage history of 30%, is located in New York City, and became a customer in 1997. You need to explain the difference between the actual prediction, a 70% churn rate, and the average prediction. You want to use Vertex Explainable AI. What should you do?

A.Train local surrogate models to explain individual predictions.
B.Configure sampled Shapley explanations on Vertex Explainable AI.
C.Configure integrated gradients explanations on Vertex Explainable AI.
D.Measure the effect of each feature as the weight of the feature multiplied by the feature value.

Correct Answer: B

* Option A is incorrect because training local surrogate models to explain individual predictions is not a feature of Vertex Explainable AI, but rather a general technique for interpreting black-box models. Local surrogate models are simpler models that approximate the behavior of the original model around a specific input1.
* Option B is correct because configuring sampled Shapley explanations on Vertex Explainable AI is a way to explain the difference between the actual prediction and the average prediction for a given input. Sampled Shapley explanations are based on the Shapley value, which is a game-theoretic concept that measures how much each feature contributes to the prediction2. Vertex Explainable AI supports sampled Shapley explanations for tabular data, such as customer churn3.
* Option C is incorrect because configuring integrated gradients explanations on Vertex Explainable AI is not suitable for explaining the difference between the actual prediction and the average prediction for a given input. Integrated gradients explanations are based on the idea of computing the gradients of the prediction with respect to the input features along a path from a baseline input to the actual input4. Vertex Explainable AI supports integrated gradients explanations for image and text data, but not for tabular data3.
* Option D is incorrect because measuring the effect of each feature as the weight of the feature multiplied by the feature value is not a valid way to explain the difference between the actual prediction and the average prediction for a given input. This method assumes that the model is linear and additive, which is not the case for an ensemble of trees and neural networks. Moreover, this method does not account for the interactions between features or the non-linearity of the model5.
References:
* Local surrogate models
* Shapley value
* Vertex Explainable AI overview
* Integrated gradients
* Feature importance

Question 167

You need to build an ML model for a social media application to predict whether a user's submitted profile photo meets the requirements. The application will inform the user if the picture meets the requirements. How should you build a model to ensure that the application does not falsely accept a non-compliant picture?

A.Use AutoML to optimize the model's recall in order to minimize false negatives.
B.Use AutoML to optimize the model's F1 score in order to balance the accuracy of false positives and false negatives.
C.Use Vertex AI Workbench user-managed notebooks to build a custom model that has three times as many examples of pictures that meet the profile photo requirements.
D.Use Vertex AI Workbench user-managed notebooks to build a custom model that has three times as many examples of pictures that do not meet the profile photo requirements.

Question 168

You are designing an architecture with a serverless ML system to enrich customer support tickets with informative metadata before they are routed to a support agent. You need a set of models to predict ticket priority, predict ticket resolution time, and perform sentiment analysis to help agents make strategic decisions when they process support requests. Tickets are not expected to have any domain-specific terms or jargon.
The proposed architecture has the following flow:

Which endpoints should the Enrichment Cloud Functions call?

A.1 = Vertex Al. 2 = Vertex Al. 3 = AutoML Natural Language
B.1 = Vertex Al. 2 = Vertex Al. 3 = Cloud Natural Language API
C.1 = Vertex Al. 2 = Vertex Al. 3 = AutoML Vision
D.1 = Cloud Natural Language API. 2 = Vertex Al, 3 = Cloud Vision API

Question 169

You work for a magazine distributor and need to build a model that predicts which customers will renew their subscriptions for the upcoming year. Using your company's historical data as your training set, you created a TensorFlow model and deployed it to AI Platform. You need to determine which customer attribute has the most predictive power for each prediction served by the model. What should you do?

A.Use AI Platform notebooks to perform a Lasso regression analysis on your model, which will eliminate features that do not provide a strong signal.
B.Stream prediction results to BigQuery. Use BigQuery's CORR(X1, X2) function to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient between each feature and the target variable.
C.Use the AI Explanations feature on AI Platform. Submit each prediction request with the 'explain' keyword to retrieve feature attributions using the sampled Shapley method.
D.Use the What-If tool in Google Cloud to determine how your model will perform when individual features are excluded. Rank the feature importance in order of those that caused the most significant performance drop when removed from the model.

Correct Answer: C

* Option A is incorrect because using AI Platform notebooks to perform a Lasso regression analysis on your model, which will eliminate features that do not provide a strong signal, is not a suitable way to determine which customer attribute has the most predictive power for each prediction served by the model. Lasso regression is a method of feature selection that applies a penalty to the coefficients of the linear model, and shrinks them to zero for irrelevant features1. However, this method assumes that the model is linear and additive, which may not be the case for a TensorFlow model. Moreover, this method does not provide feature attributions for each prediction, but rather for the entire dataset.
* Option B is incorrect because streaming prediction results to BigQuery, and using BigQuery's CORR(X1, X2) function to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient between each feature and the target variable, is not a valid way to determine which customer attribute has the most predictive power for each prediction served by the model. The Pearson correlation coefficient is a measure of the linear relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 to 12. However, this method does not account for the interactions between features or the non-linearity of the model. Moreover, this method does not provide feature attributions for each prediction, but rather for the entire dataset.
* Option C is correct because using the AI Explanations feature on AI Platform, and submitting each prediction request with the 'explain' keyword to retrieve feature attributions using the sampled Shapley method, is the best way to determine which customer attribute has the most predictive power for each prediction served by the model. AI Explanations is a service that allows you to get feature attributions for your deployed models on AI Platform3. Feature attributions are values that indicate how much each feature contributed to the prediction for a given instance4. The sampled Shapley method is a technique that uses the Shapley value, a game-theoretic concept, to measure the contribution of each feature to the prediction5. By using AI Explanations, you can get feature attributions for each prediction request, and identify the most important features for each customer.
* Option D is incorrect because using the What-If tool in Google Cloud to determine how your model will perform when individual features are excluded, and ranking the feature importance in order of those that caused the most significant performance drop when removed from the model, is not a practical way to determine which customer attribute has the most predictive power for each prediction served by the model. The What-If tool is a tool that allows you to visualize and analyze your ML models and datasets.
However, this method requires manually editing or removing features for each instance, and observing
* the change in the prediction. This method is not scalable or efficient, and may not capture the interactions between features or the non-linearity of the model.
References:
* Lasso regression
* Pearson correlation coefficient
* AI Explanations overview
* Feature attributions
* Sampled Shapley method
* [What-If tool overview]

Question 170

You are training an ML model using data stored in BigQuery that contains several values that are considered Personally Identifiable Information (Pll). You need to reduce the sensitivity of the dataset before training your model. Every column is critical to your model. How should you proceed?

A.Using Dataflow, ingest the columns with sensitive data from BigQuery, and then randomize the values in each sensitive column.
B.Use the Cloud Data Loss Prevention (DLP) API to scan for sensitive data, and use Dataflow with the DLP API to encrypt sensitive values with Format Preserving Encryption
C.Use the Cloud Data Loss Prevention (DLP) API to scan for sensitive data, and use Dataflow to replace all sensitive data by using the encryption algorithm AES-256 with a salt.
D.Before training, use BigQuery to select only the columns that do not contain sensitive data Create an authorized view of the data so that sensitive values cannot be accessed by unauthorized individuals.

Correct Answer: B

The best option for reducing the sensitivity of the dataset before training the model is to use the Cloud Data Loss Prevention (DLP) API to scan for sensitive data, and use Dataflow with the DLP API to encrypt sensitive values with Format Preserving Encryption. This option allows you to keep every column in the dataset, while protecting the sensitive data from unauthorized access or exposure. The Cloud DLP API can detect and classify various types of sensitive data, such as names, email addresses, phone numbers, credit card numbers, and more1. Dataflow can create scalable and reliable pipelines to process large volumes of data from BigQuery and other sources2. Format Preserving Encryption (FPE) is a technique that encrypts sensitive data while preserving its original format and length, which can help maintain the utility and validity of the data3. By using Dataflow with the DLP API, you can apply FPE to the sensitive values in the dataset, and store the encrypted data in BigQuery or another destination. You can also use the same pipeline to decrypt the data when needed, by using the same encryption key and method4.
The other options are not as suitable as option B, for the following reasons:
* Option A: Using Dataflow to ingest the columns with sensitive data from BigQuery, and then randomize the values in each sensitive column, would reduce the sensitivity of the data, but also the utility and accuracy of the data. Randomization is a technique that replaces sensitive data with random values, which can prevent re-identification of the data, but also distort the distribution and relationships of the data3. This can affect the performance and quality of the ML model, especially if every column is critical to the model.
* Option C: Using the Cloud DLP API to scan for sensitive data, and use Dataflow to replace all sensitive data by using the encryption algorithm AES-256 with a salt, would reduce the sensitivity of the data, but also the utility and validity of the data. AES-256 is a symmetric encryption algorithm that uses a
256-bit key to encrypt and decrypt data. A salt is a random value that is added to the data before encryption, to increase the randomness and security of the encrypted data. However, AES-256 does not preserve the format or length of the original data, which can cause problems when storing or processing the data. For example, if the original data is a 10-digit phone number, AES-256 would produce a much longer and different string, which can break the schema or logic of the dataset3.
* Option D: Before training, using BigQuery to select only the columns that do not contain sensitive data, and creating an authorized view of the data so that sensitive values cannot be accessed by unauthorized individuals, would reduce the exposure of the sensitive data, but also the completeness and relevance of the data. An authorized view is a BigQuery view that allows you to share query results with particular users or groups, without giving them access to the underlying tables. However, this option assumes that you can identify the columns that do not contain sensitive data, which may not be easy or accurate.
Moreover, this option would remove some columns from the dataset, which can affect the performance and quality of the ML model, especially if every column is critical to the model.
References:
* Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer, Course 5: Responsible AI, Week 2: Privacy
* Google Cloud Professional Machine Learning Engineer Exam Guide, Section 5: Developing responsible AI solutions, 5.2 Implementing privacy techniques
* Official Google Cloud Certified Professional Machine Learning Engineer Study Guide, Chapter 9:
Responsible AI, Section 9.4: Privacy
* De-identification techniques
* Cloud Data Loss Prevention (DLP) API
* Dataflow
* Using Dataflow and Sensitive Data Protection to securely tokenize and import data from a relational database to BigQuery
* [AES encryption]
* [Salt (cryptography)]
* [Authorized views]

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