Which of the following is considered a privacy-enhancing technology (PET)?
Correct Answer: C
Synthetic data generation is a recognized privacy-enhancing technology (PET) because it allows realistic model training and analysis without exposing actual personal data. PKI (A) provides authentication, not privacy preservation; blockchain (B) increases transparency but may conflict with privacy; identity management (D) supports security but is not a PET by itself. "Synthetic data preserves patterns while removing identifiable personal information, enabling safe processing."
Question 57
Which of the following privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) is MOST effective for ensuring individual data records cannot be linked back to specific individuals in a dataset?
Correct Answer: A
Differential privacy provides mathematically provable protection against re-identification and linkage, adding calibrated noise to outputs so individuals cannot be singled out or linked. Pseudonymization (C) and masking (D) reduce direct identifiers but remain vulnerable to linkage attacks. Secure multiparty computation (B) protects computation among parties, not release-time linkability. "Differential privacy limits what can be learned about any individual from query results, resisting re-identification/linkage."
Question 58
Which of the following practices BEST indicates an organization follows the data minimization principle?
Correct Answer: D
The practice that best indicates an organization follows the data minimization principle is that data is regularly reviewed for its relevance. The data minimization principle is one of the core principles of data protection under various laws and regulations, such as the GDPR or the CCP A) It states that personal data should be adequate, relevant, and limited to what is necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are processed. By regularly reviewing the data they hold, organizations can ensure that they do not collect or retain excessive or unnecessary data that may pose privacy risks or violate data subject rights. Data is pseudonymized when being backed up, data is encrypted before storage, or data is only accessible on a need-to-know basis are also good practices for data protection, but they do not directly indicate that the organization follows the data minimization principle. Pseudonymization is a process of replacing identifying information in data with artificial identifiers or pseudonyms. Pseudonymization can help enhance the privacy of data by reducing the linkability between data and data subjects, but it does not prevent re-identification or inference attacks. Encryption is a process of transforming data into an unreadable form using a secret key or algorithm. Encryption can help protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data by preventing unauthorized access, disclosure, or modification. Access control is a process of restricting who can access, modify, or delete data based on their roles, permissions, or credentials. Access control can help prevent unauthorized or inappropriate use of data by limiting the scope of access.
Question 59
Which of the following is the BEST way to protect personal data in the custody of a third party?
Correct Answer: C
In GDPR parlance, organizations that use third-party service providers are often, but not always, considered data controllers, which are entities that determine the purposes and means of the processing of personal data, which can include directing third parties to process personal data on their behalf. The third parties that process data for data controllers are known as data processors.
Question 60
Which of the following is the BEST control to secure application programming interfaces (APIs) that may contain personal information?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation Restricting access to authorized users is the best control to secure application programming interfaces (APIs) that may contain personal information, as it would prevent unauthorized access, modification or disclosure of the personal information by third parties or intermediaries. Restricting access to authorized users can be achieved by using various methods, such as authentication, authorization, encryption, tokens or certificates. The other options are not effective controls to secure APIs that may contain personal information. Encrypting APIs with the organization's private key is not a feasible or desirable method, as it would make the APIs unreadable by anyone who does not have the corresponding public key, which would defeat the purpose of using APIs for interoperability and integration. Requiring nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) when sharing APIs is not a reliable or enforceable method, as it would depend on the compliance and cooperation of the parties who receive the APIs, and it would not prevent unauthorized access, modification or disclosure of the personal information by third parties or intermediaries who are not bound by the NDAs. Sharing only digitally signed APIs is not a sufficient method, as it would only ensure the authenticity and integrity of the APIs, but it would not prevent unauthorized access, modification or disclosure of the personal information by third parties or intermediaries who can read or intercept the APIs1, p. 90-91 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
