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Question 492
Which security model introduces access to objects only through programs?
Correct Answer: C
In the Clark-Wilson model, the subject no longer has direct access to objects
but instead must access them through programs (well -formed transactions).
The Clark-Wilson integrity model provides a foundation for specifying and analyzing an
integrity policy for a computing system.
The model is primarily concerned with formalizing the notion of information integrity.
Information integrity is maintained by preventing corruption of data items in a system due to
either error or malicious intent. An integrity policy describes how the data items in the
system should be kept valid from one state of the system to the next and specifies the
capabilities of various principals in the system. The model defines enforcement rules and
certification rules.
Clark-Wilson is more clearly applicable to business and industry processes in which the
integrity of the information content is paramount at any level of classification.
Integrity goals of Clark-Wilson model:
Prevent unauthorized users from making modification (Only this one is addressed by the
Biba model).
Separation of duties prevents authorized users from making improper modifications.
Well formed transactions: maintain internal and external consistency i.e. it is a series of
operations that are carried out to transfer the data from one consistent state to the other.
The following are incorrect answers:
The Biba model is incorrect. The Biba model is concerned with integrity and controls
access to objects based on a comparison of the security level of the subject to that of the
object.
The Bell-LaPdaula model is incorrect. The Bell-LaPaula model is concerned with
confidentiality and controls access to objects based on a comparison of the clearence level
of the subject to the classification level of the object.
The information flow model is incorrect. The information flow model uses a lattice where
objects are labelled with security classes and information can flow either upward or at the
same level. It is similar in framework to the Bell-LaPadula model.
References:
ISC2 Official Study Guide, Pages 325 - 327 AIO3, pp. 284 - 287 AIOv4 Security Architecture and Design (pages 338 - 342) AIOv5 Security Architecture and Design (pages 341 - 344) Wikipedia at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark-Wilson_model
but instead must access them through programs (well -formed transactions).
The Clark-Wilson integrity model provides a foundation for specifying and analyzing an
integrity policy for a computing system.
The model is primarily concerned with formalizing the notion of information integrity.
Information integrity is maintained by preventing corruption of data items in a system due to
either error or malicious intent. An integrity policy describes how the data items in the
system should be kept valid from one state of the system to the next and specifies the
capabilities of various principals in the system. The model defines enforcement rules and
certification rules.
Clark-Wilson is more clearly applicable to business and industry processes in which the
integrity of the information content is paramount at any level of classification.
Integrity goals of Clark-Wilson model:
Prevent unauthorized users from making modification (Only this one is addressed by the
Biba model).
Separation of duties prevents authorized users from making improper modifications.
Well formed transactions: maintain internal and external consistency i.e. it is a series of
operations that are carried out to transfer the data from one consistent state to the other.
The following are incorrect answers:
The Biba model is incorrect. The Biba model is concerned with integrity and controls
access to objects based on a comparison of the security level of the subject to that of the
object.
The Bell-LaPdaula model is incorrect. The Bell-LaPaula model is concerned with
confidentiality and controls access to objects based on a comparison of the clearence level
of the subject to the classification level of the object.
The information flow model is incorrect. The information flow model uses a lattice where
objects are labelled with security classes and information can flow either upward or at the
same level. It is similar in framework to the Bell-LaPadula model.
References:
ISC2 Official Study Guide, Pages 325 - 327 AIO3, pp. 284 - 287 AIOv4 Security Architecture and Design (pages 338 - 342) AIOv5 Security Architecture and Design (pages 341 - 344) Wikipedia at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark-Wilson_model
Question 493
Secure Shell (SSH-2) provides all the following services except:
Correct Answer: D
Explanation/Reference:
This is one of the tricky negative question. You have to pay close attention to the word EXCEPT within the question.
The SSH transport layer is a secure, low level transport protocol. It provides strong encryption, cryptographic host authentication, and integrity protection.
Authentication in this protocol level is host-based; this protocol does not perform user authentication. A higher level protocol for user authentication can be designed on top of this protocol.
The protocol has been designed to be simple and flexible to allow parameter negotiation, and to minimize the number of round-trips. The key exchange method, public key algorithm, symmetric encryption algorithm, message authentication algorithm, and hash algorithm are all negotiated. It is expected that in most environments, only 2 round-trips will be needed for full key exchange, server authentication, service request, and acceptance notification of service request. The worst case is 3 round- trips.
The following are incorrect answers:
"Remote log-on" is incorrect. SSH does provide remote log-on.
"Command execution" is incorrect. SSH does provide command execution.
"Port forwarding" is incorrect. SSH does provide port forwarding. SSH also has a wonderful feature called SSH Port Forwarding, sometimes called SSH Tunneling, which allows you to establish a secure SSH session and then tunnel arbitrary TCP connections through it. Tunnels can be created at any time, with almost no effort and no programming, which makes them very appealing. See the article below in the reference to take a look at SSH Port Forwarding in detail, as it is a very useful but often misunderstood technology. SSH Port Forwarding can be used for secure communications in a myriad of different ways.
You can see a nice tutorial on the PUTTY web site on how to use PUTTY to do port forwarding at:
http://www.cs.uu.nl/technical/services/ssh/putty/puttyfw.html
Reference(s) used for this question:
RFC 4253 at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4253.txt
and
SSH Port Forwarding by Symantec
This is one of the tricky negative question. You have to pay close attention to the word EXCEPT within the question.
The SSH transport layer is a secure, low level transport protocol. It provides strong encryption, cryptographic host authentication, and integrity protection.
Authentication in this protocol level is host-based; this protocol does not perform user authentication. A higher level protocol for user authentication can be designed on top of this protocol.
The protocol has been designed to be simple and flexible to allow parameter negotiation, and to minimize the number of round-trips. The key exchange method, public key algorithm, symmetric encryption algorithm, message authentication algorithm, and hash algorithm are all negotiated. It is expected that in most environments, only 2 round-trips will be needed for full key exchange, server authentication, service request, and acceptance notification of service request. The worst case is 3 round- trips.
The following are incorrect answers:
"Remote log-on" is incorrect. SSH does provide remote log-on.
"Command execution" is incorrect. SSH does provide command execution.
"Port forwarding" is incorrect. SSH does provide port forwarding. SSH also has a wonderful feature called SSH Port Forwarding, sometimes called SSH Tunneling, which allows you to establish a secure SSH session and then tunnel arbitrary TCP connections through it. Tunnels can be created at any time, with almost no effort and no programming, which makes them very appealing. See the article below in the reference to take a look at SSH Port Forwarding in detail, as it is a very useful but often misunderstood technology. SSH Port Forwarding can be used for secure communications in a myriad of different ways.
You can see a nice tutorial on the PUTTY web site on how to use PUTTY to do port forwarding at:
http://www.cs.uu.nl/technical/services/ssh/putty/puttyfw.html
Reference(s) used for this question:
RFC 4253 at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4253.txt
and
SSH Port Forwarding by Symantec
Question 494
What would BEST define risk management?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation/Reference:
This is the basic process of risk management.
Risk is the possibility of damage happening and the ramifications of such damage should it occur.
Information risk management (IRM) is the process of identifying and assessing risk, reducing it to an acceptable level, and implementing the right mechanisms to maintain that level. There is no such thing as a 100 percent secure environment. Every environment has vulnerabilities and threats to a certain degree.
The skill is in identifying these threats, assessing the probability of them actually occurring and the damage they could cause, and then taking the right steps to reduce the overall level of risk in the environment to what the organization identifies as acceptable.
Proper risk management requires a strong commitment from senior management, a documented process that supports the organization's mission, an information risk management (IRM) policy and a delegated IRM team. Once you've identified your company's acceptable level of risk, you need to develop an information risk management policy.
The IRM policy should be a subset of the organization's overall risk management policy (risks to a company include more than just information security issues) and should be mapped to the organizational security policies, which lay out the acceptable risk and the role of security as a whole in the organization.
The IRM policy is focused on risk management while the security policy is very high-level and addresses all aspects of security. The IRM policy should address the following items:
Objectives of IRM team
Level of risk the company will accept and what is considered an acceptable risk (as defined in the previous article)
Formal processes of risk identification
Connection between the IRM policy and the organization's strategic planning processes Responsibilities that fall under IRM and the roles that are to fulfill them Mapping of risk to internal controls
Approach for changing staff behaviors and resource allocation in response to risk analysis Mapping of risks to performance targets and budgets
Key indicators to monitor the effectiveness of controls
Shon Harris provides a 10,000-foot view of the risk management process below:
A big question that companies have to deal with is, "What is enough security?" This can be restated as,
"What is our acceptable risk level?" These two questions have an inverse relationship. You can't know what constitutes enough security unless you know your necessary baseline risk level.
To set an enterprise-wide acceptable risk level for a company, a few things need to be investigated and understood. A company must understand its federal and state legal requirements, its regulatory requirements, its business drivers and objectives, and it must carry out a risk and threat analysis. (I will dig deeper into formalized risk analysis processes in a later article, but for now we will take a broad approach.) The result of these findings is then used to define the company's acceptable risk level, which is then outlined in security policies, standards, guidelines and procedures.
Although there are different methodologies for enterprise risk management, the core components of any risk analysis is made up of the following:
Identify company assets
Assign a value to each asset
Identify each asset's vulnerabilities and associated threats
Calculate the risk for the identified assets
Once these steps are finished, then the risk analysis team can identify the necessary countermeasures to mitigate the calculated risks, carry out cost/benefit analysis for these countermeasures and report to senior management their findings.
When we look at information security, there are several types of risk a corporation needs to be aware of and address properly. The following items touch on the major categories:
Physical damage Fire, water, vandalism, power loss, and natural disasters Human interaction Accidental or intentional action or inaction that can disrupt productivity Equipment malfunction Failure of systems and peripheral devices
Inside and outside attacks Hacking, cracking, and attacking
Misuse of data Sharing trade secrets, fraud, espionage, and theft
Loss of data Intentional or unintentional loss of information through destructive means Application error Computation errors, input errors, and buffer overflows The following answers are incorrect:
The process of eliminating the risk is not the best answer as risk cannot be totally eliminated.
The process of assessing the risks is also not the best answer.
The process of transferring risk is also not the best answer and is one of the ways of handling a risk after a risk analysis has been performed.
References:
Shon Harris , AIO v3 , Chapter 3: Security Management Practices , Page: 66-68 and
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/Understanding-risk
This is the basic process of risk management.
Risk is the possibility of damage happening and the ramifications of such damage should it occur.
Information risk management (IRM) is the process of identifying and assessing risk, reducing it to an acceptable level, and implementing the right mechanisms to maintain that level. There is no such thing as a 100 percent secure environment. Every environment has vulnerabilities and threats to a certain degree.
The skill is in identifying these threats, assessing the probability of them actually occurring and the damage they could cause, and then taking the right steps to reduce the overall level of risk in the environment to what the organization identifies as acceptable.
Proper risk management requires a strong commitment from senior management, a documented process that supports the organization's mission, an information risk management (IRM) policy and a delegated IRM team. Once you've identified your company's acceptable level of risk, you need to develop an information risk management policy.
The IRM policy should be a subset of the organization's overall risk management policy (risks to a company include more than just information security issues) and should be mapped to the organizational security policies, which lay out the acceptable risk and the role of security as a whole in the organization.
The IRM policy is focused on risk management while the security policy is very high-level and addresses all aspects of security. The IRM policy should address the following items:
Objectives of IRM team
Level of risk the company will accept and what is considered an acceptable risk (as defined in the previous article)
Formal processes of risk identification
Connection between the IRM policy and the organization's strategic planning processes Responsibilities that fall under IRM and the roles that are to fulfill them Mapping of risk to internal controls
Approach for changing staff behaviors and resource allocation in response to risk analysis Mapping of risks to performance targets and budgets
Key indicators to monitor the effectiveness of controls
Shon Harris provides a 10,000-foot view of the risk management process below:
A big question that companies have to deal with is, "What is enough security?" This can be restated as,
"What is our acceptable risk level?" These two questions have an inverse relationship. You can't know what constitutes enough security unless you know your necessary baseline risk level.
To set an enterprise-wide acceptable risk level for a company, a few things need to be investigated and understood. A company must understand its federal and state legal requirements, its regulatory requirements, its business drivers and objectives, and it must carry out a risk and threat analysis. (I will dig deeper into formalized risk analysis processes in a later article, but for now we will take a broad approach.) The result of these findings is then used to define the company's acceptable risk level, which is then outlined in security policies, standards, guidelines and procedures.
Although there are different methodologies for enterprise risk management, the core components of any risk analysis is made up of the following:
Identify company assets
Assign a value to each asset
Identify each asset's vulnerabilities and associated threats
Calculate the risk for the identified assets
Once these steps are finished, then the risk analysis team can identify the necessary countermeasures to mitigate the calculated risks, carry out cost/benefit analysis for these countermeasures and report to senior management their findings.
When we look at information security, there are several types of risk a corporation needs to be aware of and address properly. The following items touch on the major categories:
Physical damage Fire, water, vandalism, power loss, and natural disasters Human interaction Accidental or intentional action or inaction that can disrupt productivity Equipment malfunction Failure of systems and peripheral devices
Inside and outside attacks Hacking, cracking, and attacking
Misuse of data Sharing trade secrets, fraud, espionage, and theft
Loss of data Intentional or unintentional loss of information through destructive means Application error Computation errors, input errors, and buffer overflows The following answers are incorrect:
The process of eliminating the risk is not the best answer as risk cannot be totally eliminated.
The process of assessing the risks is also not the best answer.
The process of transferring risk is also not the best answer and is one of the ways of handling a risk after a risk analysis has been performed.
References:
Shon Harris , AIO v3 , Chapter 3: Security Management Practices , Page: 66-68 and
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/Understanding-risk
Question 495
What does the (star) integrity axiom mean in the Biba model?
Correct Answer: D
Section: Access Control
Explanation/Reference:
The (star) integrity axiom of the Biba access control model states that an object at one level of integrity is not permitted to modify an object of a higher level of integrity (no write up).
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 5: Security Architectures and Models (page 205).
Explanation/Reference:
The (star) integrity axiom of the Biba access control model states that an object at one level of integrity is not permitted to modify an object of a higher level of integrity (no write up).
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 5: Security Architectures and Models (page 205).
Question 496
Which OSI/ISO layer is responsible for determining the best route for data to be transferred?
Correct Answer: C
The main responsibility of the network layer is to insert information into the packet's header so that it can be properly routed. The protocols at the network layer must determine the best path for the packet to take.
The following answers are incorrect:
Session layer. The session layer is responsible for establishing a connection between two applications.
Physical layer. The physical layer if responsible for converting electronic impulses into bits
and vice-versa.
Transport layer. The transport layer is responsible for data transmission and error
detection.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
Source: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-
Hill/Osborne, v3, chapter 7: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 422-428). ISC2 Official ISC2 Guide to the CBK (OIG) 2007, p. 409-412
The following answers are incorrect:
Session layer. The session layer is responsible for establishing a connection between two applications.
Physical layer. The physical layer if responsible for converting electronic impulses into bits
and vice-versa.
Transport layer. The transport layer is responsible for data transmission and error
detection.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
Source: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-
Hill/Osborne, v3, chapter 7: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 422-428). ISC2 Official ISC2 Guide to the CBK (OIG) 2007, p. 409-412