Patrick is participating in a toilet training program. For the first several sessions his trainer, Moira, prompted him to go to the toilet and she delivered edibles and praise each time he correctly voided. Eventually, Moira was able to fade prompts as Patrick began to go to the toilet and void independently. Which of the following BEST describes this process?

• A.establishing operation
• B.negative reinforcement
• C.shifting from respondent to operant behavior
• D.transfer of stimulus control

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Which of the following measures would be the MOST appropriate for reporting head banging during each 5-minute interval of work?

• A.inter-response time
• B.rate of head banging
• C.duration of head banging
• D.latency from a request to the first response

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A reliable measure is one that is:

• A.socially valid as indicated by caregiver reports.
• B.effective as evidenced by peer-reviewed journal articles.
• C.trusted to be practical and to produce accurate data.
• D.consistent across observers and measurement occasions.

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Jack, a behavior analyst, is consulting about a student who engages in face slapping. A recent functional analysis clearly determined that the behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement. In the past, reinforcement procedures alone were found to be ineffective. The current intervention consists of a punishment procedurE. pulling the student's hands away from his face contingent on any attempts to slap and saying, "No!" Jack shoulD.

• A.re-do the assessment, add a reinforcement procedure, and plan to eliminate all punishment procedures.
• B.refer to another behavior analyst who works with punishment only cases.
• C.add a reinforcement procedure that focuses on replacement and/or incompatible behaviors and move forward with the plan.
• D.move ahead and collect data on the plan and revise as indicated regularly.

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An approach to reducing problem behavior called __________ involves providing reinforcers on a (n)
__________ schedule regardless of the occurrence of the problem behavior.

• A.differential reinforcement; interval
• B.noncontingent reinforcement; ratio
• C.differential reinforcement; ratio
• D.noncontingent reinforcement; interval

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