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EC-COUNCIL Certification
212-81 Exam
EC-COUNCIL.212-81.v2022-12-30.q67 Dumps

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Question 26

A digital document that contains a public key and some information to allow your system to verify where that key came from. Used for web servers, Cisco Secure phones, E-Commerce.

A.Registration Authority
B.Payload
C.OCSP
D.Digital Certificate

Correct Answer: D

Digital Certificate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate
A public key certificate, also known as a digital certificate or identity certificate, is an electronic document used to prove the ownership of a public key. The certificate includes information about the key, information about the identity of its owner (called the subject), and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents (called the issuer).
Incorrect answers:
OCSP - Provides certificate validation in real time and will let you know if it is valid or has been revoked.
Registration Authority (RA) - component of PKI that validates the identity of an entity requesting a digital certificate.
Payload - In computing and telecommunications, the payload is the part of transmitted data that is the actual intended message. Headers and metadata are sent only to enable payload delivery. In the steganography - information to be concealed and sent secretly, or the data covertly communicated;

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Question 27

The most widely used digital certificate standard. First issued July 3, 1988. It is a digital document that contains a public key signed by the trusted third party, which is known as a Certificate Authority, or CA.
Relied on by S/MIME. Contains your name, info about you, and a signature of a person who issued the certificate.

A.ElGamal
B.RSA
C.PAP
D.X.509
E.509

Correct Answer: D

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.509
In cryptography, X.509 is a standard defining the format of public key certificates. X.509 certificates are used in many Internet protocols, including TLS/SSL, which is the basis for HTTPS, the secure protocol for browsing the web. They are also used in offline applications, like electronic signatures. An X.509 certificate contains a public key and an identity (a hostname, or an organization, or an individual), and is either signed by a certificate authority or self-signed. When a certificate is signed by a trusted certificate authority, or validated by other means, someone holding that certificate can rely on the public key it contains to establish secure communications with another party, or validate documents digitally signed by the corresponding private key.
Incorrect answers:
RSA - (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is a public-key cryptosystem that is widely used for secure data transmission.
ElGamal - asymmetric key encryption algorithm for public-key cryptography which is based on the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. It was described by Taher Elgamal in 1985.
PAP - used to authenticate users, but is no longer used because the information was sent in cleartext.

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Question 28

Which of the following was a multi alphabet cipher widely used from the 16th century to the early 20th century?

A.Atbash
B.Caesar
C.Scytale
D.Vigenere

Correct Answer: D

Vigenere
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher
The Vigenere cipher is a method of encrypting alphabetic text by using a series of interwoven Caesar ciphers, based on the letters of a keyword. It employs a form of polyalphabetic substitution.
First described by Giovan Battista Bellaso in 1553, the cipher is easy to understand and implement, but it resisted all attempts to break it until 1863, three centuries later. This earned it the description le chiffre indechiffrable (French for 'the indecipherable cipher'). Many people have tried to implement encryption schemes that are essentially Vigenere ciphers. In 1863, Friedrich Kasiski was the first to publish a general method of deciphering Vigenere ciphers.
Incorrect answers:
Caesar - Monoalphabetic cipher where letters are shifted one or more letters in either direction. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private correspondence.
Atbash - Single substitution monoalphabetic cipher that substitutes each letter with its reverse (a and z, b and y, etc).
Scytale - Transposition cipher. A staff with papyrus or letter wrapped around it so edges would line up. There would be a stream of characters which would show you your message. When unwound it would be a random string of characters. Would need an identical size staff on other end for other individuals to decode message.

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Question 29

A linear congruential generator is an example of what?

A.A coprime generator
B.A prime number generator
C.A pseudo random number generator
D.A random number generator

Correct Answer: C

A pseudo random number generator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_congruential_generator
A linear congruential generator (LCG) is an algorithm that yields a sequence of pseudo-randomized numbers calculated with a discontinuous piecewise linear equation. The method represents one of the oldest and best-known pseudorandom number generator algorithms. The theory behind them is relatively easy to understand, and they are easily implemented and fast, especially on computer hardware which can provide modular arithmetic by storage-bit truncation.

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Question 30

Frank is trying to break into an encrypted file... He is attempting all the possible keys that could be used for this algorithm. Attempting to crack encryption by simply trying as many randomly generated keys as possible is referred to as what?

A.Rainbow table
B.Frequency analysis
C.Brute force
D.Kasiski

Correct Answer: C

Brute force
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_attack
Brute-force attack consists of an attacker submitting many passwords or passphrases with the hope of eventually guessing correctly. The attacker systematically checks all possible passwords and passphrases until the correct one is found. Alternatively, the attacker can attempt to guess the key which is typically created from the password using a key derivation function. This is known as an exhaustive key search.
Incorrect answers:
Kasiski - Kasiski examination (also referred to as Kasiski's test or Kasiski's method) is a method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, such as the Vigenere cipher. It was first published by Friedrich Kasiski in 1863, but seems to have been independently discovered by Charles Babbage as early as 1846.
Rainbow table - is a precomputed table for caching the output of cryptographic hash functions, usually for cracking password hashes. Tables are usually used in recovering a key derivation function (or credit card numbers, etc.) up to a certain length consisting of a limited set of characters. It is a practical example of a space-time tradeoff, using less computer processing time and more storage than a brute-force attack which calculates a hash on every attempt, but more processing time and less storage than a simple key derivation function with one entry per hash. Use of a key derivation that employs a salt makes this attack infeasible.
Frequency analysis - (also known as counting letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers.

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