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EC-COUNCIL Certification
212-81 Exam
EC-COUNCIL.212-81.v2022-12-30.q67 Dumps

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Question 31

In 2007, this wireless security algorithm was rendered useless by capturing packets and discovering the passkey in a matter of seconds. This security flaw led to a network invasion of TJ Maxx and data theft through a technique known as wardriving.
Which Algorithm is this referring to?

A.Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
B.Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)
C.Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
D.Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)

Correct Answer: A

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy#Weak_security
In 2007, Erik Tews, Andrei Pychkine, and Ralf-Philipp Weinmann were able to extend Klein's 2005 attack and optimize it for usage against WEP. With the new attack it is possible to recover a 104-bit WEP key with probability 50% using only 40,000 captured packets. For 60,000 available data packets, the success probability is about 80% and for 85,000 data packets about 95%. Using active techniques like deauth and ARP re-injection, 40,000 packets can be captured in less than one minute under good conditions. The actual computation takes about 3 seconds and 3 MB of main memory on a Pentium-M 1.7 GHz and can additionally be optimized for devices with slower CPUs. The same attack can be used for 40-bit keys with an even higher success probability.

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Question 32

The Clipper chip is notable in the history of cryptography for many reasons. First, it was designed for civilian used secure phones. Secondly, it was designed to use a very specific symmetric cipher. Which one of the following was originally designed to provide built-in cryptography for the Clipper chip?

A.Blowfish
B.Twofish
C.Skipjack
D.Serpent

Correct Answer: C

Skipjack
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_chip
The Clipper chip was a chipset that was developed and promoted by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) as an encryption device that secured "voice and data messages" with a built-in backdoor that was intended to "allow Federal, State, and local law enforcement officials the ability to decode intercepted voice and data transmissions.". It was intended to be adopted by telecommunications companies for voice transmission. Introduced in 1993, it was entirely defunct by 1996.
he Clipper chip used a data encryption algorithm called Skipjack to transmit information and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange-algorithm to distribute the cryptokeys between the peers. Skipjack was invented by the National Security Agency of the U.S. Government; this algorithm was initially classified SECRET, which prevented it from being subjected to peer review from the encryption research community. The government did state that it used an 80-bit key, that the algorithm was symmetric, and that it was similar to the DES algorithm. The Skipjack algorithm was declassified and published by the NSA on June 24, 1998. The initial cost of the chips was said to be $16 (unprogrammed) or $26 (programmed), with its logic designed by Mykotronx, and fabricated by VLSI Technology, Inc (see the VLSI logo on the image on this page).

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Question 33

A method for cracking modern cryptography. The attacker obtains the cipher texts corresponding to a set of plain texts of own choosing. Allows the attacker to attempt to derive the key. Difficult but not impossible.

A.Chosen Plaintext Attack
B.Steganography
C.Rainbow Tables
D.Transposition

Correct Answer: A

Chosen Plaintext Attack
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen-plaintext_attack
A chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The goal of the attack is to gain information that reduces the security of the encryption scheme.
Incorrect answers:
Rainbow Tables - precomputed table for caching the output of cryptographic hash functions, usually for cracking password hashes.
Transposition - swapping blocks of text.
Steganography - the practice of concealing a file, message, image, or video within another file, message, image, or video.

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Question 34

In a Feistel cipher, the two halves of the block are swapped in each round. What does this provide?

A.Diffusion
B.Confusion
C.Avalanche
D.Substitution

Correct Answer: B

Confusion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_and_diffusion#Definition
Confusion means that each binary digit (bit) of the ciphertext should depend on several parts of the key, obscuring the connections between the two.
The property of confusion hides the relationship between the ciphertext and the key.
This property makes it difficult to find the key from the ciphertext and if a single bit in a key is changed, the calculation of the values of most or all of the bits in the ciphertext will be affected.
Confusion increases the ambiguity of ciphertext and it is used by both block and stream ciphers.
Incorrect answer:
Avalanche - The avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext. The actual term was first used by Horst Feistel, although the concept dates back to at least Shannon's diffusion.
Diffusion - Diffusion means that if we change a single bit of the plaintext, then (statistically) half of the bits in the ciphertext should change, and similarly, if we change one bit of the ciphertext, then approximately one half of the plaintext bits should change.[2] Since a bit can have only two states, when they are all re-evaluated and changed from one seemingly random position to another, half of the bits will have changed state.
Substitution - Substitution technique is a classical encryption technique where the characters present in the original message are replaced by the other characters or numbers or by symbols.

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Question 35

The greatest weakness with symmetric algorithms is _____.

A.They are less secure than asymmetric
B.The problem of key exchange
C.The problem of generating keys
D.They are slower than asymmetric

Correct Answer: B

The problem of key exchange
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both encryption of plaintext and decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical or there may be a simple transformation to go between the two keys. The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two or more parties that can be used to maintain a private information link. This requirement that both parties have access to the secret key is one of the main drawbacks of symmetric key encryption, in comparison to public-key encryption (also known as asymmetric key encryption).

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