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NREMT Certification
EMT Exam
NREMT.EMT.v2026-05-16.q134 Dumps

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Question 21

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of a hypertensive emergency? Select the two answer options that are correct.

A.Epistaxis
B.Orthopnea
C.Hyperglycemia
D.Bronchospasm
E.Headache

Correct Answer: B,E

For this one, focus on what makes hypertension an emergency rather than just a high blood pressure reading:
evidence of acute end-organ involvement . Two important clues are headache from possible neurologic involvement and orthopnea from possible acute pulmonary edema/heart failure . Authoritative references on hypertensive emergency describe it as severe hypertension with target-organ damage such as pulmonary edema and neurologic symptoms, and headache is a common presenting complaint while orthopnea points to pulmonary congestion. ( NCBI ) So in an EMT testing context, the best two choices are B. Orthopnea and E. Headache because they fit the pattern of a hypertensive crisis with serious organ-system effects, not just isolated elevated blood pressure. ( NCBI )

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Question 22

Which of the following injuries occurs when the epidermis is damaged by a scraping force?

A.Avulsion
B.Abrasion
C.Puncture
D.Laceration

Correct Answer: B

The correct answer is B. Abrasion.
An abrasion is a superficial injury caused by scraping or rubbing force that damages the epidermis (outer layer of skin). This type of injury is commonly referred to as a "scrape" or "road rash." Why B is correct:
* Abrasions occur when the skin is rubbed or scraped against a rough surface.
* They involve only the epidermis and are usually superficial.
* Minimal bleeding may occur, but the main concern is pain and risk of infection.
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Avulsion # Involves tearing away of skin or tissue, often deeper and more severe
* C. Puncture # Caused by a sharp, pointed object penetrating the skin
* D. Laceration # A cut or tear in the skin, typically deeper than an abrasion Exact Extracts:
* "An abrasion is a wound caused by scraping or rubbing of the skin."
* "It involves damage to the epidermis."
* "Abrasions are usually superficial but can be painful and prone to infection." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Trauma (Soft Tissue Injuries)
National EMS Education Standards - Bleeding and Soft Tissue Injuries
NREMT Candidate Handbook - Trauma Care

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Question 23

An unresponsive 79-year-old female has agonal respirations. You should

A.Open her airway and suction until clear
B.Begin chest compressions
C.Check for a pulse
D.Open her airway and ventilate her with a BVM

Correct Answer: C

Agonal respirations are not effective breathing and can mimic gasping or snorting. They often occur in cardiac arrest. However, before initiating chest compressions, the EMT must confirm pulselessness by checking a carotid pulse for no more than 10 seconds (AHA 2020 BLS Guidelines).
Only after pulse confirmation (or absence) should compressions begin. Suctioning or ventilating is premature unless a pulse is found.
References:
AHA BLS Provider Manual (2020) - Adult Basic Life Support Algorithm
NREMT Cardiac Arrest Management - Adult Assessment Flow
AAOS EMT Textbook - Chapter: Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation

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Question 24

Which of the following is associated with neurogenic shock?

A.Central vasodilation
B.Peripheral vasoconstriction
C.Central vasoconstriction
D.Peripheral vasodilation

Correct Answer: D

The correct answer is D. Peripheral vasodilation.
Why D is correct (Peripheral vasodilation):
Neurogenic shock occurs due to loss of sympathetic nervous system tone, usually from a spinal cord injury.
This leads to:
* Widespread peripheral vasodilation
* Pooling of blood in the extremities
* Decreased venous return
* Hypotension
Additionally, patients often present with:
* Warm, dry skin (unlike other shock types)
* Bradycardia (due to unopposed parasympathetic tone)
NREMT-aligned guidance states:
* "Neurogenic shock results from loss of sympathetic tone leading to vasodilation."
* "Peripheral vasodilation causes hypotension and inadequate perfusion." Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Central vasodilation: Not a recognized defining feature; neurogenic shock primarily affects peripheral vessels.
* B. Peripheral vasoconstriction: Seen in hypovolemic shock, not neurogenic shock.
* C. Central vasoconstriction: Not associated with neurogenic shock.
Exact Extracts:
* "Neurogenic shock is caused by loss of sympathetic tone."
* "This results in widespread peripheral vasodilation."
* "Patients may present with hypotension and bradycardia."
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Medical Emergencies (Shock)
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Shock and Resuscitation Prehospital Emergency Care (EMT) - Shock Management

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Question 25

A 58-year-old patient reports chest pain and difficulty breathing after missing their last three hemodialysis treatments. Which of the following signs and symptoms should the EMT suspect to find?

A.Fever
B.Crackles
C.Bradycardia
D.Hypotension

Correct Answer: B

Missing dialysis leads to fluid overload, causing:
Pulmonary edema, evident by crackles on auscultation
Dyspnea and chest discomfort
Bradycardia is less likely; patients more often present with tachycardia due to volume stress. Fever would suggest infection (not stated here), and hypotension can occur later, but hypertension is more common in early fluid overload.
References:
NREMT Medical Emergencies - Renal and Dialysis Patients
National Kidney Foundation Guidelines - Missed Dialysis and Pulmonary Symptoms AAOS EMT Textbook - Urologic and Fluid Volume Imbalance

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