When monitoring veterinary patients under anesthesia, one of the most useful pieces of equipment is the electrocardiogram (ECG). Which of the following is not a benefit of this machine?
Correct Answer: A
When monitoring a patient under anesthesia, using an ECG machine remains a valuable tool. Hyperoxia occurs when cells are exposed to an overabundance of oxygen or, alternatively, a greater than the normal partial pressure of oxygen. This rare occurrence in veterinary medicine is not generally identified on an ECG. However, ECGs can help: *Provide cardiac rate and rhythm real-time assessment *Screen patients for underlying electrolyte abnormalities (think about that blocked cat with potentially elevated potassium. Look for that spiked T wave). *Alert you to any impending changes in electrical patterns *Demonstrate hypoxemia However, always remember to monitor not just the machines, but your patients as well. An ECG can still demonstrate electrical activity even if the heart has stopped beating, so it isn't the end-all be-all. You still need a multi-modal approach to patient monitoring. The limitations of ECGs further solidify the need to monitor not just your machines but patient parameters, both visual, auscultable, and more. Limitations include: *Artifacts *Cautery devices *Heating devices *Patient movement *The leads simply being too dry *Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) where the patient is in cardiac arrest may only manifest as a slight ECG abnormality, falsely giving you confidence that the patient is still doing well.
Question 177
Which of the following dental procedures are veterinary technicians not permitted to perform on dogs and cats?
Correct Answer: B
Question 178
What is bile?
Correct Answer: B
Question 179
When we think of performing general anesthesia on an equine patient, we often consider drug protocols in phases. In what phase would the horse's mouth be rinsed out with water?
Correct Answer: B
General anesthesia in equines consists of: Phase I: The sedation and premedication stage where the patient is outside in an induction area. Once sedated or premedicated, the patient's mouth is rinsed with water to remove any food particles or debris. Often, a partial dose is given, sufficient to allow this procedure and then increased as needed to reach the desired sedation level. Phase II: Induction phase *The patient is induced and becomes recumbent *Endotracheal tube placement occurs *Hobbles are placed on the horse's legs and a hoist to help place the patient on the surgical table *Placed on the table in recumbency appropriate for the surgical procedure *The surgical site is clipped and sterilely prepped *In males, urinary catheters are often placed Phase III: Maintenance phase: Inhalent anesthesia may be used once an endotracheal tube is in place. It may be combined with partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) to decrease the inhalant amount needed and improve analgesic control. Recovery is not considered an anesthetic phase but follows the surgical procedure and includes monitoring the horse, pulling the endotracheal tube when appropriate, and ensuring the horse remains free from injury.
Question 180
What is the concentration in milligrams per milliliter of 2% lidocaine solution?
Correct Answer: B
The correct answer is 20 mg/mL because percent concentration is calculated by using grams per 100 mL. For this example, the 2% lidocaine solution would convert to 2 g/100 mL. Since 1 gram is equal to 1,000 milligrams, 2 g/100 mL is equal to 2,000 mg/100 mL. 2,000 mg/100 mL reduces to 20 mg/mL.
