What dietary supplement is often administered to promote joint health?
Correct Answer: D
Glucosamine is a nutraceutical, often given in conjunction with chondroitin, promoting cartilage formation and maintenance. This reportedly provides support for joint mobility. Potassium, an electrolyte, promotes acid-base regulation, nerve transmission, and metabolic reactions. Taurine is an essential amino acid for a cat's diet. Lysine is an amino acid that may suppress feline herpesvirus infections, though studies are equivocal.
Question 192
A 24 ounce bird needs a 4 mg/kg dose of propofol. The propofol comes in 20 mL vials and a concentration of 10 mg/mL. What is the weight of the bird in kilograms?
Correct Answer: D
Question 193
Which of the following sources of pain should be treated as severe?
Correct Answer: A
Limb amputations are associated with severe pain. Other examples of severe pain include total ear canal ablations, cervical disc herniation, bone fracture, onchyectomy (declaw), and peritonitis. Castration, superficial lacerations, and osteoarthritis are generally considered mild to moderate pain stimuli.
Question 194
When hauling a horse with a limb injury, the trailer should be equipped with partitions to provide the horse with additional support. If the horse has a front limb injury, how should the horse be transported?
Correct Answer: B
Question 195
What is the name of the first phase of nociception?
Correct Answer: D
The first stage of nociception is transduction. Nociceptive pain is caused by injury, physical pressure, or inflammation of some part of the body. Nociceptors create electrical signals when damage is detected. The signals travel along the spinal cord toward the brain. This rapid process involves four key steps: 1. Transduction: Tissue injury (bumping your arm on a table) triggers the release of chemicals within the body, which then excites the nociceptive nerve fibers. 2. Transmission: During this phase, the "pain message" moves from the skin, bones, joints, or internal organs toward the spine and then up to the brain. It first reaches the brain stem, then moves up to the thalamus, and finally to the cerebral cortex, where the brain has a "map" that registers the exact location of the pain. 3. Modulation: This final phase is when the brain interacts with the nerves to modulate or alter the pain experience (for example, to adjust the intensity and duration). Modulation involves the release of chemicals, such as endorphins and serotonin, that reduce the transmission of pain signals. 4. Perception: In this phase, the subject becomes aware or conscious of the pain, which is the perception of pain.
