How do glucocorticoids work to contribute to the overall success of a pain management protocol?
Correct Answer: A
Question 187
You are asked to pass an orogastric tube in a cow to provide oral fluid administration as a bolus. All of the following pertain to this technique in cattle, except:
Correct Answer: B
Because of the large capacity of the rumen in ruminants, oral fluid boluses may be administered and provide significant volume. In adult cattle, several gallons of fluid can safely be administered via ruminal bolus. The cow should be physically restrained via a rope halter and head gate to perform the procedure. Having the halter snug and off to one side prevents overall head movement. Standing next to the cow, place the hand adjacent to the animal atop the nose to control the head and aid in using the Frick speculum against the animal's dental pad. This speculum is used over the tongue and at the level of the pharynx, preventing the animal from chewing the orogastric tube. Using the opposite hand, pass the tube through the speculum. As the animal swallows, it will pass into the esophagus. However, if you get coughing, you have entered the trachea. You must readjust by backing out to the pharynx level and restarting the tube's advancement. Facilitation of tube passage is aided by keeping the animal's neck in a mild flexion position, aiding in reaching the esophagus, not the trachea. When placed correctly, there is usually minimal resistance to passage. When in the correct locale, the tube may often be evident externally in the left jugular groove. Once in the rumen, you should be able to smell ruminal gas, confirming tube placement. If you are not 100% convinced and want to check placement, you can instill air into the tube. This will cause bubbling in the rumen, which can be appreciated in the paralumbar fossa on the left via auscultation. This helps confirm placement. Placement must be confirmed before fluids or medications are administered. Orogastric intubation is a preferred means of administering fluids and many medications in camelids and food animals (ruminant or semi-ruminant species and in pigs). It can also permit enteral feeding, transfaunation, and even relieve mild cases of bloat. Note that neonatal animals (kids, lambs, and crias) usually do not require a speculum. In addition to the speculum mentioned above, other options may be used, such as a roll of tape in small patients, a piece of garden hose in large patients, or PVC piping in various-sized animals.
Question 188
Bacteria are identified by all of the following characteristics except:
Correct Answer: A
A plated culture should be carefully inspected after it has been allowed to sit 24 to 48 hours in an inverted position with the lid down. The technician should quantify the level of growth that occurred, indicating whether an infection is mild, moderate, or severe. The cell wall structures and shapes of organisms are also relevant when interpreting the results. The color of the culture is not an accurate indicator when attempting to identify an organism. Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 460. Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 132-137.
Question 189
After pouring sterile irrigation fluids (500-ml bottles most commonly, often warmed) into a sterile basin in the sterile field, what should you do with any remaining solution in the container?
Correct Answer: B
When pouring sterile water from an unopened (sterile) container into the irrigation basin during surgery, you must maintain aseptic technique. To do so, pour the fluid at a distance above the basin. When pouring, ideally a sterile person holds the basin away from the sterile field or places it at the field's edge to lessen the chance of strike-through (contamination that occurs as a result of liquids or moisture that goes from a sterile field to a non-sterile field or vice versa). Once the cap has been removed from the sterile water bottle, it is no longer sterile. Thus, it must be discarded. However, this renders the water no longer sterile and it will have to be discarded or used for non-sterile purposes not pertaining to the surgical procedure. The entire contents could be poured and saved within the sterile field if another basin is available. Still, often, this much volume isn't needed, and the longer the solution sits, the more likely it is to acquire bacterial contamination.
Question 190
What is alopecia?
Correct Answer: D
Alopecia refers to partial or complete baldness in areas that should have hair. Alopecia is rarely a primary problem and is usually a clinical sign of a greater underlying illness. Alopecia does not refer to scaling or flaking skin, severe redness and contact irritation, or abrasions caused by self-trauma.
