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EC-COUNCIL Certification
212-81 Exam
EC-COUNCIL.212-81.v2023-05-30.q74 Dumps

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Question 31

In steganography, ________ is the data to be covertly communicated (in other words, it is the message you wish to hide).

A.Carrier
B.Signal
C.Payload
D.Channel

Correct Answer: C

Payload
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography
The payload is the data covertly communicated. The carrier is the signal, stream, or data file that hides the payload, which differs from the channel, which typically means the type of input, such as a JPEG image. The resulting signal, stream, or data file with the encoded payload is sometimes called the package, stego file, or covert message. The proportion of bytes, samples, or other signal elements modified to encode the payload is called the encoding density and is typically expressed as a number between 0 and 1.

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Question 32

Which one of the following uses three different keys, all of the same size?

A.3DES
B.AES
C.RSA
D.DES

Correct Answer: A

3DES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DES
Triple DES (3DES or TDES), officially the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block.

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Question 33

When learning algorithms, such as RSA, it is important to understand the mathematics being used. In RSA, the number of positive integers less than or equal to some number is critical in key generation. The number of positive integers less than or equal to n that are coprime to n is called ______.

A.Mersenne's number
B.Fermat's number
C.Euler's totient
D.Fermat's prime

Correct Answer: C

Euler's totient
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_totient_function
In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer n that are relatively prime to n.
Incorrect answers:
Fibonacci number - commonly denoted Fn, form a sequence, called the Fibonacci sequence, such that each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting from 0 and 1.
Fermat's number - named after Pierre de Fermat, who first studied them, is a positive integer of the form Fn = 2^2^n+1 where n is a non-negative integer. The first few Fermat numbers are:
3, 5, 17, 257, 65537, 4294967297, 18446744073709551617, ...
Mersenne prime - prime number that is one less than a power of two. That is, it is a prime number of the form Mn = 2^n - 1 for some integer n. They are named after Marin Mersenne, a French Minim friar, who studied them in the early 17th century.

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Question 34

Which of the following acts as a verifier for the certificate authority?

A.Certificate Management system
B.Directory management system
C.Registration authority
D.Certificate authority

Correct Answer: C

Registration authority
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registration_authority
Registration authorities exist for many standards organizations, such as ANNA (Association of National Numbering Agencies for ISIN), the Object Management Group, W3C, IEEE and others. In general, registration authorities all perform a similar function, in promoting the use of a particular standard through facilitating its use. This may be by applying the standard, where appropriate, or by verifying that a particular application satisfies the standard's tenants. Maintenance agencies, in contrast, may change an element in a standard based on set rules - such as the creation or change of a currency code when a currency is created or revalued (i.e. TRL to TRY for Turkish lira). The Object Management Group has an additional concept of certified provider, which is deemed an entity permitted to perform some functions on behalf of the registration authority, under specific processes and procedures documented within the standard for such a role.

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Question 35

Early attempt to make substitution ciphers more robust, masks letter frequencies, plain text letters map to multiple cipher text symbols.

A.Scytale Cipher
B.Playfair Cipher
C.Homophonic Substitution
D.ADFVGX Cipher

Correct Answer: C

Homophonic Substitution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipher#Homophonic_substitution An early attempt to increase the difficulty of frequency analysis attacks on substitution ciphers was to disguise plaintext letter frequencies by homophony. In these ciphers, plaintext letters map to more than one ciphertext symbol. Usually, the highest-frequency plaintext symbols are given more equivalents than lower frequency letters. In this way, the frequency distribution is flattened, making analysis more difficult.
Incorrect answers:
Playfair Cipher - (Playfair square or Wheatstone-Playfair cipher) is a manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal digram substitution cipher. The scheme was invented in 1854 by Charles Wheatstone, but bears the name of Lord Playfair for promoting its use.
Scytale Cipher - is a tool used to perform a transposition cipher, consisting of a cylinder with a strip of parchment wound around it on which is written a message. The ancient Greeks, and the Spartans in particular, are said to have used this cipher to communicate during military campaigns.
ADFVGX Cipher - cipher was a field cipher used by the German Army on the Western Front during World War I. ADFGVX was in fact an extension of an earlier cipher called ADFGX. Invented by Lieutenant Fritz Nebel (1891-1977) and introduced in March 1918, the cipher was a fractionating transposition cipher which combined a modified Polybius square with a single columnar transposition.

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